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Essentials of Facial Growth
by Enlow and Hans

Table of Contents

OVERVIEW OF CRANIOFACIAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
          The Big Picture
          A Cornerstone of the Growth Process
          The “Genic” Tissues
          Regional Control of Development
     The Three Principal  Regions of Facial and Neurocranial
     Development
          The Brain and Basicranium
          The Airway
          The Oral Region
          Craniofacial Levels
          The Two Basic Clinical Targets
          Child-to-Adult Changing Proportions
          Tooth Movement
          Drift
          A Fundamental Principle of Growth
 
BASIC GROWTH CONCEPTS
     Remodeling
          Fields of Remodeling
          Implant Markers
          The “V” Principle
          The  Relocation Function of Remodeling
     The Displacement Process
          Growth Rotations
     Remodeling and Displacement Combinations
          Superimposing Headfilm Combinations
 
THE DEVELOPMENTAL SEQUENCE
          Regional Change (Stage) 1 - 17
 
GROWTH OF THE MANDIBLE
     Mandibular Remodeling
          The Ramus
          The Lingual Tuberosity
          The Ramus-to-Corpus Remodeling Conversion
          The Mandibular Condyle
          The Condylar Question
          The Adaptive Role of the Condyle
          The New Image of the Condyle and “Condylar Growth”
          The Ramus and Middle Cranial Fossa Relationship
          Ramus Uprighting
          The Human Chin
          The Ramus-Corpus Combine
 
 THE NASOMAXILLARY COMPLEX
          The Maxillary Tuberosity and Arch Lengthening
          The Biomechanical Force Underlying Maxillary
               Displacement
     Nasomaxillary Remodeling
          The Lacrimal Suture, A Key Growth Mediator
          The Maxillary Tuberosity and the Key Ridge
          The Vertical Drift of Teeth: An Important Clinical
               Consideration
          The Nasal Airway
          Palatal Remodeling
          Downward Maxillary Displacement
          Maxillary Sutures
          The Cheekbone and Zygomatic Arch
          Orbital Growth

THE NEUROCRANIUM
          The Calvaria
          The Basicranium
 
FACIAL GROWTH AND TOOTH MOVEMENT BASICS
 
FACIAL FORM AND PATTERN
     Headform
          The Dinaric Headform
          Male Versus Female Facial Features
          Child Versus Adult Facial Features
          The Changing Features of the Growing Face
          Facial Variations
 
THE PLAN OF THE HUMAN FACE
     Brain Enlargement, Basicranial Flexure, and Facial Rotations
          Nasomaxillary  Configuration
          Growth Field Boundaries
 
NORMAL VARIATIONS IN FACIAL FORM AND THE ANATOMIC BASIS
FOR MALOCCLUSIONS
          Headform and Malocclusion Tendencies
          The “Effective Dimension”
          The Dimensional Factor of Alignment
     Dimensional and Alignment Pattern Combinations
          Growth “Compensations”
          Dentoalveolar Compensations
          Dentoalveolar Curve (of Spee)
     Summary of Class II and III Skeletal Features
     The Facial Spectrum
          The Continuous Facial Sequence and Developmental
          Intergrades
 
THE STRUCTURAL BASIS FOR  ETHNIC VARIATIONS IN FACIAL FORM
 
CONTROL PROCESSES IN FACIAL GROWTH
     Synopsis  of Craniofacial  Growth Control Theories
          The Genetic Blueprint
          Biomechanical Forces
     Sutures, Condyles, and Synchondroses
     The Nasal Septum
     The Functional Matrix
     Composite Explanations
     Control Messengers
     Bioelectric Signals
     Other Factors of Growth Control
          The Architectonics  of Growth Control: A Summary
 
PRENATAL FACIAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
     Remodeling in the Fetal Face    
          Nasomaxillary Complex
          The Mandible
     A Developmental Timetable
 
MATURATION OF THE OROFACIAL NEUROMUSCULATURE
Robert E. Moyers and David S. Carlson
     Prenatal Maturation
     Neonatal Oral Functions
     Infantile Suckling and Swallowing
          Maintenance of the Airway
          Infant Cry
          Gagging
     Early Postnatal Development of Oral Neuromuscular Function
          Mastication
          Facial Expression
          Speech
          Mature Swallow
          Neural Regulations of Jaw Positions
      Occlusal  Homeostasis
      Effect of Neuromuscular Function on Facial Growth
      Effects of Orthodontic Treatment on the Musculature
 
CEPHALOMETRICS
B. Holly Broadbent Jr.
     Orientation
      Tracing the X-Rays
      Norms, Variability, and Comparison
      Bolton Standards
      Summary
      Counterpart Analysis (of Enlow)
      Computerized Cephalometrics and Videoimaging
      Glossary of Terms
 
BONE AND CARTILAGE
          Bone
          Bone Tissue Types Related to Development and Function
          Haversian Systems
 
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